Juridifier l’Anthropocène: personnification de la nature, biens communs,etc.

Les dégradations sans précédent subies par la Terre et la raréfaction des ressources naturelles du fait de l’activité humaine justifient un intérêt accru du droit pour l’eau, le sol, les plantes, les écosystèmes, les animaux, bref la nature à l’âge de l’Anthropocène. Ce que les sciences sociales nomment les « non humains » embarrassent les juristes qui pensent le monde à travers leur héritage occidental romaniste. En effet, les « non humains » ne sont pas véritablement des « personnes », pas seulement des « choses », les catégories fondamentales du droit. Et pourtant, les grands défis environnementaux obligent les juristes à adapter leurs catégories afin de prendre en compte l’irruption de la nature dans le champ du politique. La notion de biens communs suscite ainsi un profond intérêt en tant que mécanisme de protection des res- sources naturelles pensé en rapport avec les usages sociaux qu’en font les humains -tel l’eau- alors que d’autres perspectives sur les communs tendent au contraire à préserver l’accès à des biens ou informa- tions seulement à certaines personnes. Par exemple, a été rattachée aux biens communs la faculté d’établir des servitudes sur certains biens au profit de la pro- tection de l’environnement (loi du 8 août 2016 relative à la reconquête de la biodiversité). Cette catégorie permet-elle de lier biens et personnes en des confi- gurations inédites, non plus de pouvoir absolu d’une personne sur la chose, mais d’usage collectif ? L’idée de personnifier la nature en lui attribuant la qualité de sujet de droit tend elle aussi à se diffuser mondialement. En mars 2017, le Parlement de Nou- velle-Zélande a qualifié le fleuve Whanganui d’être vi- vant, au terme de négociations avec les tribus maories.

En avril 2017, en Inde, c’est le juge qui a pris une telle initiative à l’égard du Gange et de son principal af- fluent qu’il a reconnu comme des « entités vivantes ayant le statut de personne morale ». Dans un sens un peu différent, des constitutions d’Amérique latine ont reconnu des droits subjectifs à la Terre nourricière (Bolivie et Equateur). Serait-il pertinent et opportun d’imaginer une greffe, au sens du doyen Carbonnier, de tels mécanismes de personnification dans d’autres droits ?

Mais utiliser ces catégories romanistes ou de la tra- dition médiévale européenne, n’est-ce pas à nouveau réduire le monde à une vision unique, européo-cen- trée et datée ? C’est ce que tend à nous apprendre anthropologie, philosophie, géographie, qui constatent l’effritement de la distinction occidentale entre nature et culture. Est-t-il alors possible de convoquer l’actua- lité de la pensée mondiale sur l’Anthropocène, qui ré- clame une décolonisation des sciences sociales et une mise en cause de la notion occidentale de « nature » (Partie 1) afin d’évaluer les réponses que les juristes souhaitent donner à la question de la « légalisation » de la nature, c’est-à-dire à la « juridification de l’An- thropocène » (Partie 2)

Gregorysuifs

says mars 25, 2026 at 15 h 15 min

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Gregorysuifs
says mars 25, 2026 at 15 h 15 min
Your comment is awaiting moderation.

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